Comparison of the Effect of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Infant Formula on Health Status of Infant: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Breastfeeding is widely recognized as the most natural and beneficial form of infant nutrition, offering a range of physiological, immunological, cognitive, and psychological advantages. This systematic review aimed to compare the health outcomes of infants fed exclusively with breast milk versus those fed with infant formula. A narrative literature review was conducted by searching databases such as Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Google using keywords like “breastfeeding,” “infant formula,” and “infant health.” Forty-three relevant studies published in English were included based on predefined inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that exclusive breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and immunity to infants, significantly reducing the risk of infections, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), allergies, and chronic conditions like diabetes and obesity. It also supports cognitive development and emotional bonding. Breastfed infants generally achieve better growth outcomes and have higher intelligence scores. For mothers, breastfeeding lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, aids postpartum recovery, and offers economic advantages.In contrast, infant formula is a manufactured substitute designed to mimic breast milk’s nutritional profile and is recommended only when breastfeeding is not possible. Though formula feeding supports growth, it lacks the bioactive and immunological components of breast milk and may increase susceptibility to infections and allergies. Challenges with breastfeeding, such as sore nipples, milk supply concerns, and infections, need to be addressed through education and support. The study concludes that while infant formula is a viable alternative, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months remains the gold standard for promoting infant health and survival.